Here is a list of command words commonly used in examination questions. You may find it worthwhile to check your understanding of these key words each time you come to write an essay.
| Analyse (analysis) |
Resolve into its component parts. Examine critically or minutely. |
| Assess |
Determine the value of (see evaluate). |
| Compare |
Look for similiarities and differences between: this may lead to a stated preference, the justification of which should be made explicit. |
| Contrast |
Set in opposition - black against white - to point out differences sharply. |
| Criticise |
Make a reasoned judgement (backed by a discussion of evidence or the opinions of acknowledgement authorities) about the merit of theories or opinions - or about the truth of facts. |
| Define |
Set down the precise meaning of a word or a phrase. Sometimes several co-existing definitions may be used. |
| Describe |
Give a detailed account of... |
| Distinguish or differentiate |
Look for differences between two or more theories, concepts. |
| Evaluate |
Make an appraisal of the worth/validity/effectiveness of something. |
| Explain |
Make a plan, interpret and account for; give reasons why. |
| Give |
Use in preference to 'state' e.g. give two reasons why. |
| Identify |
List, name, give names of. |
| Illustrate |
Make clear and explicity; usually requires the use of carefully chosen examples. |
| Interpret |
Explain what is mean by; more often closely akin to illustrate. |
| Justify |
Show adequate grounds for decisions or conclusions; answer the main objections likely to be made from. |
| Outline |
Give the main features or general principles, or a subject, omitting minor details and emphasising structure and arrangement. |
| Relate |
1. Narrate; give an account of history of something.
2. Explain how variables are related or connected, and how they affect each other. |
| State |
Give a concise, clear explanation or account of |
| Suggest |
No unique answer but expects responses to demonstrate students knowledge of that subject area and offer a plausible answer. |
| Summarise |
Give a concise, clear explanation or account of...presenting the chief factors and omitting minor detail or examples (see also Outline) |
| Trace |
Outline or follow the development of something from its initiation or point of origin. |
